Drug poisoning

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Overdose is the use of a quantity of drug more than its intended or prescribed dose. It may be accidental or deliberate and involve the use of prescribed, over the counter or illegal drugs.

In the UK paracetamol is the medication most used in cases of deliberate overdose.

An overdose can lead to serious medical complications including death. The severity of a drug overdose depends on the drug, the amount taken, and the physical and medical history of the person.

Not all overdoses are fatal or life-threatening however professional medical assistance should always be called if overdose is suspected or has occurred.

The symptoms of an overdose can vary widely depending on which substance, or substances, someone used.

Recognition

ASPIRIN
  • Upper abdominal pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Ringing in the ears
  • Confusion and delirium
  • ‘Sighing’ when breathing
  • Dizziness
PARACETAMOL
  • Developing abdominal pains
  • Nausea and vomiting  
Tranquilisers
  • Lethargy, sleepiness leading to unresponsiveness
  • Shallow breathing
  • Weak, irregular pulse
Narcotics
  • Small pupils
  • Sluggishness and confusion, possibly leading to unresponsiveness
  • Slow, shallow breathing which may stop
  • Needle marks which may be infected
Solvents
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Headaches
  • Hallucinations
  • Possible unresponsiveness
Stimulants
  • Excitable, hyperactive behaviour, wildness and frenzy
  • Sweating
  • Tremors
  • Hallucinations

Additional factors to consider when treating this type of poisoning:

  • Be aware of needles and any residue of the drug
  • Tell the emergency services that you suspect drug poisoning and if possible the drug taken
  • Bear in mind that some drugs can cause changes in behaviour and even lead to hallucinations